ࡱ > i k V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h a jbjbdd $K e e . . . . . . . ~ 4 : ~ > Z ~ , R " b 7 . a @ 7 . . L F . . B $ f . . . . . . N b 0 . ~ ~ D D ~ ~ Ancient Athens
The city was the largest in Greece. Athens controlled the land around it, a large region called Attica. Between the many mountains were fertile valleys, where farmers grew olives, grain, fruit and grapes. Athens became rich and powerful, helped by Atticas valuable sources of silver, lead and marble.
In 510BC a new way of government was invented in Athens. 'Demokratia', from which we get our word 'democracy', means 'rule by the people'. Any man with full citizen rights could go to the assembly, where they could speak and vote freely. Public debates like this decided how the city was run.
Athens had law courts with trial by jury. Juries were much larger than today, with several hundred members. After listening to the evidence jurors voted by placing metal discs into one of two jars - one for guilty, one for not guilty. Punishments were decided by the court, and included the death penalty.
Women did not have citizen rights. They could not take part in the assembly, or vote, or serve on juries.
In wealthy families girls were educated to run the household of servants and slaves, and were usually married by the age of 13. In poorer families women worked alongside men, farming in the fields or running the family business.
Between a quarter and a third of Athens 300,000 population were slaves. These were men and women captured in wars or born into slavery.
Many slaves had special skills, such as nurses and teachers, while others had the hardest and most unpleasant work to do. It was common for a rich household to have many slaves.
Some slaves were owned by the state. For example archers from Scythia were used as a kind of police force by the Athenian government.
Athens had yearly festivals for athletics, drama and religious occasions. The city paid for these using taxes, but the wealthiest citizens of Athens were obliged to give extra help.
Rich citizens considered it an honour to pay the performers' fees in the many drama festivals. Similarly they may have to serve as captain of a warship for a year, paying the crew and making repairs.
Ancient Sparta
Sparta was a polis in southern HYPERLINK "http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/index.htm"Greece is an area known as the Peloponnese. The Peloponnese was not as fertile as Attica and was connected to mainland Greece by a narrow 8km wide strip of land known as The Isthmus. Sparta was already established in the HYPERLINK "http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/history/latebronze.htm"Late Bronze Age, and appears in HYPERLINK "http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/literature/homer.htm"Homer's HYPERLINK "http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/literature/odyssey.htm"Odyssey and Iliad as the kingdom of HYPERLINK "http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/religion/myths/menelaus.htm"Menelaus and HYPERLINK "http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/religion/myths/helen.htm"Helen. During the HYPERLINK "http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/history/darkages.htm"Dark Ages, Sparta declined like other Greek towns. In the early HYPERLINK "http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/history/archaic.htm"Archaic period, around 900 HYPERLINK "http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/bc.htm"BC, Sparta began to grow again. Although most Greek towns got rid of their HYPERLINK "http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/government/monarchy.htm"kings at this time, the Spartans kept their kings. In fact, the Spartans had two kings at the same time.
The biggest change in Sparta's history, though, came around 700 BC, when they seem to have conquered a group of people living near them, in Messenia. The Spartans enslaved the Messenians, whom they called "helots", and made the Messenians HYPERLINK "http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/economy/farming/index.htm"farm all the land for them. They treated the helots very badly, often beating them and whipping them, or even killing them for no reason, and not giving them enough HYPERLINK "http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/food/greekfood.htm"food. Spartan men, now that they didn't have to work anymore to get HYPERLINK "http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/food/greekfood.htm"food, spent all their time training for HYPERLINK "http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/war/index.htm"war.
When Spartan boys turned seven, they left home to live in dormitories with all the other Spartan boys their age. They did not learn to HYPERLINK "http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/literature/greeklit.htm"read or write or do HYPERLINK "http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/science/math/index.htm"math or play HYPERLINK "http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/art/music/index.htm"music, but instead they spent all their time learning to be good soldiers. They exercised, and they learned to use swords and spears. To make them tough, their teachers never gave them enough HYPERLINK "http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/food/greekfood.htm"food or HYPERLINK "http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/clothing/index.htm"clothing or blankets.
Spartan girls lived at home with their mothers and fathers, instead of in dormitories, but they also learned to be tough, with plenty of exercise. The girls also learned to run houses, and how to HYPERLINK "http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/clothing/spinning.htm"spin and HYPERLINK "http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/clothing/weaving.htm"weave. Spartan females held considerable military sway and had the highest level of equality in the ancient world including Athens where women were not even given citizenship status.
* 9 Z [ | } ɴnQnnn4nn8j h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH 8j h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH 2j h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH )h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ aJ mH ph sH -h!:_ h!:_ B*CJ OJ QJ aJ mH ph sH )h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ aJ mH ph sH %h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ mH ph sH !h!:_ h!:_ B*CJ OJ QJ ph #j h!:_ UaJ mH nH sH tH > ? d e
p " # $ a
) * 9 $dh 1$ 7$ 8$ H$ a$gd!:_ $dh 1$ 7$ 8$ H$ a$gd!:_
$dh a$gd!:_
$dh a$gd!:_ 9 : ; @ A D E
l m n s t Ѵїz] 8j h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH 8j h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH 8j h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH 8j h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH )h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ aJ mH ph sH 2j h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH [ \ ] d e y z F G H M N ɴɴɴɴɴɴzɴɴɴ]ɴɴɴ 8jU h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH 8j h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH 8j h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH )h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ aJ mH ph sH 2j h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH 8j h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH $ % n o p t u n o ɴɴɴɴɴɴzɴɴɴ]ɴɴɴ 8j h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH 8j h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH 8j+
h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH )h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ aJ mH ph sH 2j h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH 8j> h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH
$dh a$gd!:_ " # $ ( ) 2 3 } ~ @ A ɴɴɴɴɴɴzɴɴɴ]ɴɴɴ 8j h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH 8j h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH 8j
h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH )h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ aJ mH ph sH 2j h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH 8j h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH
U V W \ ] ɴɴɴɴɴɴhɴɴY h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ ph 8j h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH 8j h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH #j h!:_ UaJ mH nH sH tH )h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ aJ mH ph sH 2j h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH 8j h!:_ h!:_ B*OJ QJ UaJ mH ph sH r +p !,p $-p !.p $4 ! 5 $ 6 ! 7 $ :p!:_ |. A!7"7#7$7% X# ,,
( #
o ig{ H H ( d h
com.apple.print.PageFormat.FormattingPrinter
com.apple.print.ticket.creator
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.itemArray
com.apple.print.PageFormat.FormattingPrinter
printerr110
com.apple.print.ticket.client
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.modDate
2007-08-31T15:00:59Z
com.apple.print.ticket.stateFlag
0
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMHorizontalRes
com.apple.print.ticket.creator
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.itemArray
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMHorizontalRes
300
com.apple.print.ticket.client
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.modDate
2007-08-31T15:00:52Z
com.apple.print.ticket.stateFlag
0
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMOrientation
com.apple.print.ticket.creator
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.itemArray
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMOrientation
1
com.apple.print.ticket.client
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.modDate
2007-08-31T15:00:59Z
com.apple.print.ticket.stateFlag
0
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMScaling
com.apple.print.ticket.creator
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.itemArray
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMScaling
1
com.apple.print.ticket.client
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.modDate
2007-08-31T15:00:59Z
com.apple.print.ticket.stateFlag
0
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMVerticalRes
com.apple.print.ticket.creator
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.itemArray
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMVerticalRes
300
com.apple.print.ticket.client
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.modDate
2007-08-31T15:00:52Z
com.apple.print.ticket.stateFlag
0
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMVerticalScaling
com.apple.print.ticket.creator
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.itemArray
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMVerticalScaling
1
com.apple.print.ticket.client
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.modDate
2007-08-31T15:00:59Z
com.apple.print.ticket.stateFlag
0
com.apple.print.subTicket.paper_info_ticket
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMAdjustedPageRect
com.apple.print.ticket.creator
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.itemArray
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMAdjustedPageRect
0.0
0.0
3367.9997762044272
2338.8332207997641
com.apple.print.ticket.client
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.modDate
2007-08-31T15:00:59Z
com.apple.print.ticket.stateFlag
0
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMAdjustedPaperRect
com.apple.print.ticket.creator
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.itemArray
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMAdjustedPaperRect
-70.166778564453125
-70.166667302449554
3438.1665547688804
2408.9999993642173
com.apple.print.ticket.client
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.modDate
2007-08-31T15:00:59Z
com.apple.print.ticket.stateFlag
0
com.apple.print.PaperInfo.PMCustomPaper
com.apple.print.ticket.creator
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.itemArray
com.apple.print.PaperInfo.PMCustomPaper
com.apple.print.ticket.client
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.modDate
2007-08-31T15:00:59Z
com.apple.print.ticket.stateFlag
1
com.apple.print.PaperInfo.PMPaperName
com.apple.print.ticket.creator
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.itemArray
com.apple.print.PaperInfo.PMPaperName
iso-a4
com.apple.print.ticket.client
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.modDate
2007-08-31T15:00:59Z
com.apple.print.ticket.stateFlag
1
com.apple.print.PaperInfo.PMUnadjustedPageRect
com.apple.print.ticket.creator
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.itemArray
com.apple.print.PaperInfo.PMUnadjustedPageRect
0.0
0.0
808.3199462890625
561.31997299194336
com.apple.print.ticket.client
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.modDate
2007-08-31T15:00:59Z
com.apple.print.ticket.stateFlag
1
com.apple.print.PaperInfo.PMUnadjustedPaperRect
com.apple.print.ticket.creator
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.itemArray
com.apple.print.PaperInfo.PMUnadjustedPaperRect
-16.84002685546875
-16.840000152587891
825.15997314453125
578.15999984741211
com.apple.print.ticket.client
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.modDate
2007-08-31T15:00:59Z
com.apple.print.ticket.stateFlag
1
com.apple.print.PaperInfo.ppd.PMPaperName
com.apple.print.ticket.creator
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.itemArray
com.apple.print.PaperInfo.ppd.PMPaperName
A4
com.apple.print.ticket.client
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.modDate
2007-08-31T15:00:59Z
com.apple.print.ticket.stateFlag
1
com.apple.print.ticket.APIVersion
00.20
com.apple.print.ticket.privateLock
com.apple.print.ticket.type
com.apple.print.PaperInfoTicket
com.apple.print.ticket.APIVersion
00.20
com.apple.print.ticket.privateLock
com.apple.print.ticket.type
com.apple.print.PageFormatTicket
Tӟ 7]ЀTUpu m ` lF xgtU[9Knuέnrp8b069gl&aql9,9fLbeN:=3u?ܵ;W<>U]9S0(̝ 'u/ 75ɿ.OA!Mv%?{yf^